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Ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction for determination of cadmium in water samples prior to analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with the aid of experimental design

Mahdi Ghorbani1,*,Alireza Shams1,2, Orkideh Seyedin1

Ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsiûcation microextraction (UASEME) coupled with ûame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was developed for preconcentration and determination of cadmium in tap and river water. The Plackett–Burman design was applied for effective variables screening such as volume of extraction solvent and surfactant, the pH and ionic strength of sample solution, speed and time of centrifuge, concentration of ligand (dithizone) and ultrasonic time. The obtained signiûcant factors were optimized by using a Box–Behnken design and the response surface equations were derived. Under optimum conditions, relative standard deviation (RSD, n=5) of 50 ìgL-1 Cd2+ and limit of detection (LOD) were 6.5% and 0.4 ìgL-1 respectively. The method encompass linear response at 0.5 –94 ìgL-1 with correlation coefficients (r 2) 0.9923. Highlights UASEME combined with Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy was used for extraction and determination of cadmium in water samples. A multivariate strategy based on an experimental design using a Plackett– Barman design for screening and a Box–Behnken design is applied for optimization of signiûcant factors. pH value, Volume of Triton X-100, Volume of CHCl3 were significant factors. Under optimum conditions, enrichment factors was 93 times. UASEME was quantified successfully applied for analysis of cadmium in tap and river water samples.